According to my notebook from 1979, 30 years ago today Dan Fylstra, head of Personal Software, our Bay Area publisher, told me that he had the first production VisiCalc packages in hand. I received mine the next day (Saturday delivery). So today, for argument's sake, is the 30th anniversary of the shipment of VisiCalc 1.0. (Well, actually, we called it version 1.37, but it was the first packaged version produced and sold in volume.)
[Photos in the
original blog post on
Dan Bricklin's Log with the following captions: Dan's notebook entry from 1979; The package and contents: 5 1/4" diskette, reference card, manual, registration card; Apple II with VisiCalc]
Spreadsheets have aged well over those 3 decades. While computers have gotten thousands of times more powerful, and spreadsheets have zillions of additional capabilities, the same basic metaphor of a free-form grid of cells for displaying text and numbers, each backed by formulas and display attributes, along with a simple and natural interface for entering, modifying, and displaying that data, has endured. To me, to have helped bring such a useful and long-lasting tool to the world is very gratifying.
The concept of spreadsheets was not new in 1979. Text and numbers arranged in columns and rows go back a long time. (The 10 Commandments are traditionally shown as two columns of five entries each, hundred-year-old books present data in spreadsheets as a matter of course, and many timesharing programs in the 1970s had "spread sheet" output.) VisiCalc is known, though, as the first of a particular popular set of features implemented on a personal computer. There is a direct line starting with VisiCalc going all the way to today's dominant spreadsheet, Microsoft Excel. (Lotus 1-2-3 could read VisiCalc files and execute them directly. Excel can read 1-2-3 files.)
My original vision (in 1978) was of a handheld calculator that worked as a mouse with a heads-up display to give you a virtual image that made things look as big as the blackboards I sat in front of every day at Harvard Business School. That type of hardware was beyond what I could code for in those days. The spreadsheet concept, though, moved well onto the much less capable popular personal systems of the day -- character-based, stand-alone personal computers like the Apple II and TRS-80.
As personal computing advanced, spreadsheets followed along. The IBM PC was much more powerful with much more memory and better displays. Lotus 1-2-3 (the leader among many) took the spreadsheet metaphor further into that world, taking advantage of the memory and displays. Spreadsheets did quite well in that world.
With the advent of personal computer GUI systems, spreadsheets adapted well, too. Microsoft Excel emerged dominant, keeping the same grid metaphor, but taking advantage of bitmapped displays and laser printers and the increasing amounts of local storage, and wrapping it in a more accessible mouse and keyboard UI. With GUI systems you expect great control of the visual look of the output, and spreadsheets benefited from the addition of customizable cell borders, fonts, and the even more powerful computers and access to database data.
In an early promotional video about Excel for Windows, Microsoft said "Every major advance in hardware has been legitimized by a spreadsheet." Of course, it's not just by a spreadsheet, it's also by a word processor, and now accessing email and having something to do browsing with. But it is true that, at least for business, you expect desktop systems to have spreadsheet capabilities.
In the early 1990's, when I worked at Slate Corporation on software for pen-based computers, I was part of the development of a spreadsheet that took advantage of those systems, even allowing you to scribble "ink" notes into cells and to do operations with simple gestures.
Social software has moved people away from working on their own copies of documents in their own personal silos, shuffling them with email and Fedex from person to person. They now can work together on single shared copies, linked together in a web based upon topical and personal connections. You'd expect the spreadsheet metaphor to go there, too, and it is. (Of course, like the word processing capabilities of wikis, which don't come anywhere near the capabilities of a product like Microsoft Word, you'd wouldn't be surprised if social spreadsheets didn't have every Excel bell and whistle.)
I have had to privilege of being one of the participants in that evolution, and for that today is special, too: Socialtext, the enterprise social software pioneer, is releasing SocialCalc as a production product today. (It has been in various stages of beta for some time.) I wrote the main spreadsheet "engine" code and have helped guide the project. I've been working closely with Socialtext developers to bring spreadsheets to their social software system which already has wiki pages, social networking, microblogging, and more.
Again, the spreadsheet takes on some of the characteristics of the platform. In this case, that means being browser-based, having live linking, both for navigation and for getting information into and out of the sheet, and other attributes like revision history, tagging, and a connection to people's identities. Beta-test customers have used it in ways that show its potential for being an important business tool. Enough of the UI and integration is now complete to let people easily take advantage of it. For more information, see "
SocialCalc, the Social Spreadsheet, Comes Out of Beta" on the Socialtext web site.
This is a great milestone for me personally. I've been working on SocialCalc, and its predecessor, wikiCalc, for four years now. It's been really gratifying over the last several months to have the code I've been writing become a common component of the One Laptop Per Child's offering around the world as one of my contributions to the Open Source world. (The release of a production version has been happening there, too, including a Spanish translation that has been done and is being integrated.) Now, finally, I can also see my work contributing to the shipment of a robust shared spreadsheet for the enterprise -- the "wiki" of wikiCalc growing into the "social" of SocialCalc and Socialtext.
You'll find more about the early history of VisiCalc in the History section of my web site and in chapter 12 of
my book. There are links to many of my other writings about VisiCalc, including an early version you can run on MSDOS and Windows, on my
VisiCalc page. You may also like "
The paper I wrote for business school class about VisiCalc in 1978" earlier in this blog.
Happy Birthday VisiCalc! Here's to many more!